Excerts from "Mirrors, Strings & Manifolds: The Geometry of Everything," C1994, Pg.8

Quark Schematics and Postures

	Schematic renditions of the up, down, and the "bogus down" quark are given. The up quark is composed of three intersecting hadron strings, each of which closes into a circle on the surface of the particle. The "surface" down quark is composed of four intersecting hadron strings, all of which also close on the surface of the particle. The "bogus down" quark is actually an up quark with a pinned lepton string. It functions as a down quark in the nuclear shell, but only because of its pinned lepton string. The pinned string does not close on the surface of the particle. There are two ways to pin a string to an up quark to make a down quark. If the pinned string is of the same type string as the particle is composed of, then the string is an "orphan" string. If it could close into the particle surface it would, but those strings which close on the surface must pass through at least three quarks, thus it is "orphaned" from the surface of the particle, its quark family is not complete. The other method is to pin a string from the other domain, a lepton string in the case of nucleons. I call this a "radical" string, and these radical strings are found as the defining force in the location of many electron orbitals. This is because the electrons preferentially pin to the lepton strings emanating from the nucleus. A lepton string can pin to any up quark on a nuclear shell to emulate a down quark, but they may only pin when the particular nuclear shell has a deficiency of surface down quarks.
	The space-time "posture" of quarks is mapped out to provide a possible explanation for the two forms of down quark, and I posit that gravitational radiation is a function of the down quarks. The up quark is totally immersed in hadron space, and displays a single charge current. The down quark has a complete vector cancellation in the field of the quark, and I suspect it floats the down quark on a boundary between lepton space and hadron space. Its confused in its spatial orientation, and presents a surface in each domain, giving it bipolar charge currents. It also provides a simple way for the quark to generate energy for the nucleus to support the charge force. Gravitational radiation can be facilitated by transforming corpuscles from domain to domain without flipping both of the corpuscles internal arrows. In this way the handedness of the corpuscle is flipped as the corpuscle passes through the down quark, and the difference in energy is added to the nucleus. The reverse-handed corpuscle becomes a graviton. If so, I submit that all particles exhibiting mass must have a down quark to generate the gravitational radiation which gives the particle mass. The bogus down quark is an up quark with a pinned lepton string. As such, the quark and the pinned string reside in opposite domains. Pinning the lepton string provides two surfaces in different domains, as is conjectured for the surface down quark, and so it behaves in much the same fashion as the surface down quark.
	A closer view of the postures, on the far left and chopped off a bit is the up quark immersed in hadron space. The down quark is next, depicted as an oblong bubble on the boundary between lepton and hadron space. That spear shiskabobing it with the little balls at the end is me showing how the down quark "opens a door" between lepton and hadron space and allows a quanta to pass between without undergoing the reflection and inversion process associated with charge. Inversion is accomplished without reflection, so the angular momentum is flipped, but not the momentum. This is a change in handedness of the particle, and the energy acquired by the down quark which does the flip is twice the initial energy of the quanta thus transformed. (Probably why physicists think the graviton is a spin 2 particle.) In the lower diagram I attempt to show how all the vector quantities of the strings tend to cancel in the surface down quark. In the up quark with only three strings, cancellation of the string vectors is not possible. The up quark might be thought of as having a spin orientation which binds it in hadron space. The surface down quark cancels this property out, it doesn't spin either way, so it hovers between the domains of lepton space and hadron space. The bogus down quark cheats. Its an up quark with a pinned lepton string. Here the boundaries of lepton and hadron space are forced into contact via conservation laws. Pressing strings from opposite domains creates the same kind of gateway to support gravitational radiation. Remember, gravity doesn't warp space-time, charge does. Gravity is a corpuscular radiation of opposite handedness. Gravitational radiation occurs on demand to supply the charge force of a particle with energy. Gravitational radiation provides the fuel to the nuclear motor which pumps charge.

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